Creationism Vs Evolution: Through The Eyes Of Jay Gould :: essays research papers

Creationism versus Evolution: Through The Eyes of Jay Gould      It has been more than a long time since English naturalist Charles Darwin first informed the world his progressive idea concerning how livings things create. Advancement through normal determination and adjustment was the premise of his contention as it stays right up 'til today a discussed subject by many. Over this country, a "return" to "traditional" values has additionally brought the arrival old enough old discussed subjects. One issue that really isolates Americans is the issue of creation versus advancement. Since the nineteenth century, this troublesome theme has been discussed in educational committees and state legislative centers across America. In numerous cases strict fundamentalists won the day by having prohibited the guidance or even the notice of "ungodly" transformative intuition in schools. With today’s social and political atmosphere, this inquiry is back with more noteworthy power than any time in recent memory. This is the reason this subject is more significant now than any time in recent memory. In Jay Gould’s book The Panda’s Thumb, an outline of and a contention for Charles Darwin’s transformative reasoning is directed with streaming considerations and thoughts. This paper named "Natural Selection furthermore, the Human Brain: Darwin versus Wallace" investigates legitimately at two hard taken on conflicts among evolutionists and creationists. Utilizing sexual determination what's more, the inceptions of human astuteness as his defenders, Gould contends his feeling in the kindness of developmental idea.      In this paper named "Natural Selection and The Human Brain: Darwin versus Wallace," Gould tells about the challenge among Darwin and another conspicuous researcher named Alfred Wallace more than two significant subjects. These subjects, one being sexual choice and the other about the starting points of the human cerebrum and mind were bantered by men who by and large held similar perspectives on development. Anyway on these two subjects, Wallace decided to contrast as he portrayed it as his "special heresy" (53). The first of these two zones of discussion between the two men was the subject of "sexual selection." Darwin speculated that there laid two kinds of sexual choice. Initial an opposition between guys for access to females and second the decision "exercised by females themselves" (51). In this, Darwin credited racial contrasts among present day individuals to sexual choice "based upon various models of excellence that emerged among different peoples" (51). Wallace, be that as it may, questioned the recommendation of female decision. He accepted that creatures were profoundly advanced and delightful gems, not permitting the recommendation of male rivalry to enter his brain. The discussion of sexual choice was nevertheless a negligible antecedent to a substantially more well known and significant question . . . the subject of the causes of the human brain.

Day the Earth Stood Still

Sick always remember the day the earth stopped. It was as though the planet’s whole populace had contrived against me to define the most inconvenient arrangement that would everlastingly transform me. Truth be told, it despite everything appears just yesterday Becky and I were strolling on the sea shore connected at the hip with that new relationship sparkle in our eyes. We were consistently an incredible group. A cutting edge Bonnie and Clyde it appeared as. In any case, as the truism goes, things are never what they have all the earmarks of being. The first run through Becky and I considered each other a thing, it appeared to be strange in light of the fact that we had consistently grown up closest companions. We had never expected to be more than that however in the wake of spending endless hours together, we started to understand that our companionship began to form into something else. From the outset, things were going truly well. She was in every case extremely resolute about going through however much with me as could reasonably be expected, and we were in every case together. We would lounge around my home and watch motion pictures as we ate popcorn and acted like your ordinary pre-adult couple. The main distinction was this wasn’t infatuation to me, this was the genuine article. Sadly after about a year, things dynamically eased back down and our â€Å"newlywed† tricks in the long run ceased to exist. Things just didn’t appear as energizing as they used to be. In spite of the fact that we despite everything hung out constantly, Becky began to float. Her calls turned out to be progressively rare and her monotone voice gave an intelligible sign that she just didn’t feel the equivalent any longer. Indeed, even still, we attempted to battle through it and sooner or later things showed signs of improvement. It was just a couple of months after the fact that our relationship turned sour once more. Regardless of how diligently I attempted, my best was simply never adequate. Everything turned into a contention and it appeared as though Becky and I had gone from being entirely good, to blending like oil and water. It’s tragic to state, however I more likely than not been blinded by the entirety of the â€Å"I love you† and â€Å"you’re the just a single I ever need to be with† remarks since I turned out to be totally unmindful of what was happening actually directly in front of me. One night, I concluded I would amaze Becky at her home after she escaped work. My arrangement was to sneak through her window, light up a few candles all through her room, and set a sentimental pace for the night. I called her multiple times and oddly, she didn’t get. Becky consistently worked late as the head server at Hooters, and she would consistently appear at my home dead drained from working to such an extent. I figured she was most likely just truly occupied and wasn’t ready to answer her telephone. In any case, I concluded that I would go to her home about an hour preceding her escaping work to guarantee that I wouldn’t let her ruin the astonishment in the occasion she got back home early. I concluded that I would go in through the back passage of her complex, and park my vehicle behind her structure to abstain from being spotted. I pulled in and started searching for parking spots that Becky wouldn’t drive by. As I pulled around the left half of the three story white structure, I saw something very odd. Becky’s vehicle was left in a visitor parking space. In addition to the fact that it was stopped in such an odd area, however it was perched on the direct inverse side of her loft. That’s when an inclination shot through my blood, and a voice inside me started to reveal to me that something wasn’t right. I started crawling nearby the structure viewing all my means to ensure I didn’t make any commotion. I attempted to glance through her window however her blinds were down and the light was off. I strolled gradually to the front entryway and turned the brilliant handle. I’ll always remember the sound of the entryway as I aired out it gradually. It was so boisterous and glaring it appeared as though the nearby neighbors could have heard it. Fortunately for me however, no one did. I pussyfooted to the entryway and put my ear facing it, just to hear the sounds that any man would pay to never need to tune in to. I raged through the entryway just to discover Becky in bed with one of my collaborators who was additionally my closest companion. I remained there puzzled. I don’t imagine that anybody can comprehend the inclination that goes through you when something to that effect occurs. It’s less the real sight of it that truly caused me to feel like I had been dealt with so unreasonably, it was the â€Å"it’s not what it looks like† and â€Å"let me explain† remarks that did it. After I remained there with a grin that would have caused the fallen angel to wince, I pleasantly pardoned myself, revealed to them I was grieved, and strolled back to my vehicle. Strangely, it would have been much simpler to blast open the entryway, shout, shout, and truly let them know how unreasonably I had been treated by them two. Be that as it may, what was the point? When I left, they would return to what they were doing and I would look like total numb-skull. Rather, I chose to be the greater individual, change my number, and let Karma wrap up.

Monkeywrenching Or Ecological Sabotage Philosophy Essay

Monkeywrenching Or Ecological Sabotage Philosophy Essay Morals is a lot of good standards which concern the good and bad doings where those qualities. There are two methodologies in morals: Descriptive and Normative methodologies. Expressive methodology is the way toward recognizing and examining existing qualities or standards. It plans to depict and clarify what mentalities individuals have, to make an ordinary and satisfactory conduct. The other methodology (regularizing) are gotten from sets of solutions and the procedure. It setting standard of rules to deliver standard conduct. there are three hypotheses in regulating approach: Consequantialism, Deontology, and Virtue (Jamieson 2008). Consequentialism is the view that an operator is ethically required to play out the demonstration with the best outcomes. Most consequentialists are utilitarians. They center around government assistance and demand that the best outcomes are those containing most extreme government assistance. Deontology is the view that particular kinds of act are ethically illegal in any event, when the exhibition of those demonstrations would realize the best outcomes. On a basic level, deontologists can differ about whether the deontic rules work as supreme denials or are to some degree more fragile and can be broken if enough is in question. They can contend the sorts of activity that are ethically illegal. A biocentric deontologist may guarantee that we are ethically illegal from murdering living creatures deliberately (Jamieson 2008). Ideals hypothesis the spotlight isn't such a great amount on what sorts of act are correct, yet what a prudent individual would do. Righteousness ethicist may guarantee that the ethical assessment of something like deforestation can't be founded solely on thought of what outcomes that would have, or on the inquiry whether there is a limitation on acts which lead to deforestation. Rather we should take a gander at the character of the individual who plays out the demonstration (Jamieson 2008). Condition morals Natural morals is another sub-control of theory that manages the moral issues encompassing ecological assurance. It means to give moral avocation and good inspiration for the reason for worldwide ecological assurance. It is otherwise called the investigation of morals with regards to the regular world, on both individual and cultural levels; the piece of morals which manages human decisions about the earth. It doesn't concerns just decreasing contamination, diminish waste, and sparing jeopardized species, it goes past that (Alder Wilkinson 1999). Condition morals starts where the morals of worry for creatures turns into an issue. It worried about the rights and wrong of how human treat the nonhuman and a quality situation. In this manner it thought about normal as well as urban condition: how human are being influenced genuinely, intellectually and profoundly by the plan and materials of the structure wherein they live and work, the format of urban communities, arrangement of open administrations, etc (Alder Wilkinson 1999). Assortments of Environment Ethics Condition morals was essentially isolated into two primary school of contemplations: human-centric viewpoint and non-human-centric point of view. Human-centric scholars depend on conventional qualities dependent on human prosperity or human rights while non-human-centric scholars guarantee that normal articles have esteem regardless of human concerns (inherent worth). It likewise can be recognize approaches: individual and aggregate methodology. Singular methodology (biocentric) accept that all species have inborn worth, and that people are not unrivaled in a good or ethicalã‚â sense while aggregate methodology (ecocentric) values gatherings, for example, species or biological systems and treats the person as ethically extensive just corresponding to the gathering (Alder Wilkinson 1999). There are alternate points of view of anthropocentrism. There are conventional, edified and broadened anthropocentrism. Conventional anthropocentrism during 1800s abranch of consequentialist (Gilbert Pinchot and James Watt) hypothesis, human centeredness. This point of view center around natural utilization. For instance, Aristotles saying: Everything in nature satisfies a reason and that extreme motivation behind nature is the fulfillment of human needs. (Benson 2000) Illuminated anthropocentrism point of view occurred later in 1950s to 1960s. It showed the individuals to be cautious on utilizing the assets (preservation steps). It was a part of deontology and goodness morals. They accept that we are a piece of the nature and that to our greatest advantage we should regard nature for its reality and a resource.The third viewpoint, broadened anthropocentrism surfaced in late 1970s. This worries increasingly about people in the future where individuals have begun to anticipate maintainable turn of events. It is a part of deontology and ideals hypothesis (VanDerVeer Pierce 2004). Non-human-centric contends that common articles have esteem regardless of human concerns (inherent worth). Topics incorporate creature government assistance, biocentric morals (regard for nature/adoration forever) and stylish methodology (nature as workmanship). Ecocentric point of view esteem the frameworks all in all (for instance, species that structure a natural life line or biological systems or the entire biotic network). It sees every living thing as a feature of frameworks. Land morals: changes the job of Homo Sapiens from hero of the land-network to plain part and resident of it. It suggests regard for his individual individuals, and furthermore regard for the [land-] network in that capacity. It was established by Aldo Leopold to advance the premise of ecological safeguarding. Te by and large prosperity of the biological system is the proportion of what is correct or wrong. Profound biologist, Arne Naess, has attempted to orchestrate the human-centric and ecocentric and re-orientate how we see nature and to develop a psychological condition of being in congruity with nature (carry on with a naturally inviting way of life). Naess accepted that we ought to develop direct, hands-on erotic, encounters of normal articles (Benson 2000). Monkeywrenching Monkeywrenching, eco-damage (ecotage), ecodefense, eco-psychological warfare convey a similar importance: they are unlawful demonstrations of treachery related with environmentalism. It is supposed to concentrate on making genuine monetary harm that will make brief or perpetual stop exercises that are viewed as undesirable. Despite the fact that the activists may have confidence in various moral codes, the action is legitimately related with the ecological development. The term monkeywrenching originates from Edward Abbeys tale, The Monkey Wrench Gang that was distributed in 1975. The epic recounts to an account of individuals doing effort of eco-damage in the south-western United States. They put a match to announcements, handicap development hardware, and pull up study stakes (VanDerVeer Pierce 2004). Monkeywrenching happens long back in time. From a novel to manual, monkeywrenching act has figured out how to advance toward late world. The tale (The Monkey Wrench Gang) was distributed in 1975 composed by Edward Abbey (author and writer) and manual (Ecodefense: A Field Guide to Monkeywrenching) distributed by Dave Foreman (US naturalist and prime supporter of the radical ecological development, Earth First!) were and as yet being utilized sooner or later as references to torque. The demonstration may happens delicately or exceptionally risky. The gathering may attempt to either for all time or incidentally harm the hardware and supplies. In this manner monkeywrenching can either make the advancement stop or purchase time to arrange and talk about the issue. Specialists allude this gathering of individuals as eco-fear based oppression (to intentionally relate their doing with psychological oppressors) and true to form numerous earthy people, firmly can't help contradicting this use. They like to recognize eco-damage (an ambush on lifeless things) and psychological oppression (an attack on individuals or living things). The tree hugger David Brower, for example, has contended that the genuine psychological militants are the individuals who dirty and raid the earth, not the individuals who look to ensure it. Monkeywrenching as to Environment Ethics Numerous consequentialists are utilitarians. They accept that a moral demonstration is one which expands utility or delight, joy or nonattendance of torment. In spite of being brutal or crazy for instance, that monkeywrenching is adequate as long as it give wanted results and misfortune nothing at long last. For instance, a consequentialist could guarantee that his/her activity of lighting a fire in the timberland (which is extremely risky) is directly since he/she figured out how to shield the lumberjack from coming into the backwoods. Deontology, then again, is the view that specific kinds of represent (model taking steps to hurt the honest people) are ethically taboo in any event, when the exhibition of those demonstrations would realize the best results. Deontologists characterize ethical quality as far as rights and obligations. Monkeywrenching may be acknowledged relying upon the pioneer or the main guideline. For instance, the Earth First!ers emphatically accept that monkeywrenching will assist them with keeping the earth spare and have a pioneer with high information on it. Prudence hypothesis center around the demonstration of an ethical individual and not what sorts of act are correct. A highminded individual may believe that monkeywrenching is moral without taking a gander at its outcomes whether its positive or negative. Be that as it may, when the result become the principle concern, that individual would not get include it. Ecofeminism is one case of temperance morals. Ecofeminism exists as its professionals called attention to that the mastery of male character in securing the earth causing the stylish estimation of the nature getting less valued. Anthropocentrism concerned the human interests above everything else. The demonstration of monkeywrenching (or the demonstration of treachery of ensuring the earth) most presumably being seen as an exercise in futility and assets since it doesn't give any immediate advantage to human. All encompassing methodology accepts that something is more noteworthy (and progressively significant) as the entire tha

The French Revolution 1789-1799 - Free Essay Example

Moderate Stage 1788 Louis XVI called for the Estates General. By 1788 the Kingdom of France was utterly broke. Conflicts like the Seven Years War and the American Revolutionary War had been more than France could afford while the tax system was heavily outdated where the French nobility and the Catholic Church (who control most of the land and wealth despite being a tiny percentage of the population) paid virtually no taxes. The kings summoning of the Estates General for the first time since the 1600s was a possible way to raise new revenue and reform the financial system. May 5, 1789Opening session of the Estates General. While King Louis summoned the Estates General for tax reform it soon became clear that the majority pushed for more radical reform. The First Estate represented clergy, the Second Estate the nobility, and the Third Estate represented the remaining 98% of the population. During the opening session the members of the Third Estate (who represented the majority of the French population) made it clear that they had no love for the absolute monarchy and wanted a French constitution in addition to tax reform. June 17, 1789The Third Estate broke away and forms National Assembly. The Third Estate consisted of Peasants and notables, even though they were the majority of the population and had twice as many total delegates as the other two estates. They also had only one vote in the Assembly and broke away because the other two estates kept on outvoting them despite representing the vast majority of the French population. June 20, 1789The Oath of Tennis Court. When the King locked an increasingly vocal members of the Third Estate out of their meeting chambers the Estate instead chose to gather in a nearby tennis court. The members of the Assembly vowed not to disband until France had a constitution. This made it clear that the King would have to made concessions or risk a civil war. July 14, 1789 Storm of the Bastille. The Bastille was seen as a symbol of old monarchic tyranny and on July 11th the King dismissed his reformist minister of finance Jacques Necker, leading to fears that the King along with the nobility was moving to crush the National Assembly. The sans-culottes stormed Bastille in order to obtain weapons for the revolution. July â€Å"August 1789A chain of peasant revolts known as the Great Fear. Peasants and villagers revolted against higher taxes, the local nobility, royal officials and the high price of bread. It is best described not as a single, national revolt but a series of revolts against local officials. August 1789Nobles surrendered their special privileges. Nobles in France had an immunity from most taxes, the power to collect dues from local farmers, special status for the lands they owned, and other special privileges like exclusive hunting rights. These were all hated as it perpetuated a system where a small portion of the population was automatically seen as better for no reason other than birth. By August these privileges were stripped away and nobles were taxed as any other person living under the French monarchy. August 26, 1789The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was published. The Old Regime meant the monarchy and aristocracy. It was called a death warrant because The Declaration of the Rights of Man declared that men are born free and sovereignty is residing in the nation. It also declared that all men were equal, peasants were no longer seen as lower than nobles or clergy and the King was now seen more as an executive, political leader as opposed to a divinely ordained absolute leader. October 5, 1789March on Versailles. The poor women from the marketplaces of Paris marched on Versailles. They were anger rose from the rising prices of bread and the kings unwillingness to cooperate with the assembly but soon grew into a liberal demonstration demanding a monarch that answered to the people. August 1789 The National Assembly abolished tithe. Tithe was effectively a tax collected by the Catholic Church from local parishes. This meant that church was nearly a government of its own within royal France and it also meant that locals were often subject to a tax from the state, a tax from the nobles, and a tax from the church. This was hated and the church lost its ability to collect tithes at the same time nobles lost their privileges. November 1789The National Assembly confiscated land belonging to the Catholic Church. 100,000 clergymen owned more than 10% of the land in France. This was seen as a symbol of tyranny where a tiny portion of the population had far too much land and power. The confiscation of Church land was a program of land reform to correct an imbalance of wealth. July 12, 1790 The Civil Constitution to the Clergy. The goal was to make the Church a national institution by making bishops and priest swear allegiance to the state. Because of the peasants who had catholic churches in their community were driven to revolt. Many people disliked the Church as a political institution with way too much power but many were also still very religious and didnt like the idea of God being restrained by some civil government. June 21, 1791 Louis XVI and his family fled Paris. King Louis and his family were stuck in Paris, still arguing over the future of the French state with the National Assembly. Still he was losing more support from the French population and was surrounded by a revolutionary city. His flight was not only for fear of his familys safety but the hope that he could link up with troops more loyal to the monarch than the national assembly outside of Paris. August 27, 1791 The monarchs of Prussia and Austria issued the Declaration of Pillnitz. A declaration in support of King Louis XVI against the revolutionaries. It led to a fear that Prussia and Austria would go to war to restore the power of the King and further alienated King Louis from the people of France who now accused him of plotting with foreign powers. September 3, 1791France became a Constitutional Monarchy. France officially put a constitution into practice to limit the powers of the King. Louis XVI still technically headed the army and had the power to veto legislation but had his title changed from King of France to King of the French to show that he was king only with the support of the people. Radical Stage April 20, 1792 The Legislative Assembly declared war against Austria and Prussia. There was fear that the Declaration of Pillnitz was a declaration of war by Austria and Prussia (it was only a declaration of support for the King) and the Legislative Assembly hoped to attack preemptively to avoid being overwhelmed. The also hoped to united France by giving a common foreign enemy. August 1792A combined Prussian and Austrian army led by the Duke of Brunswick invaded France. The initial attack by revolutionary France was repelled easily and the Duke of Brunswick launched a counter-invasion, making it clear that he intended to restore the monarchy and restore order to France. He warned the French population not to resist. The invasion was slowed by disease, poor organization, and bad weather. August 1792Sans-culottes invaded the royal palace of Tuileries and forced the royal family to seek refuge at the Legislative Assembly. The invasion angered the revolutionaries who stormed the royal palace to overthrow the king who they believed was colluding with the Prussians and the French. The King fled to the Legislative Assembly for protection but was soon arrested. September 1792September Massacres. A wave of killings in Paris, mostly among prisoners as revolutionary leaders thought that royalists and foreign armies would use the prisoners to fight against the revolution. The radical Jacobins and Maximilien Robespierre took control of revolutionary fervor and gained power. September 22, 1792 The National Convention established Republic. The Legislative Assembly was replaced by the more radical National Convention who formally abolished the French monarchy, replacing it with the French Republic. This was an incredibly radical move at the time. January 21, 1793 Louis XVI was executed. The French had repelled Austrian/Prussian troops by late 1792, removing any incentive to hold the King hostage. The National Convention had Louis XVI executed with a majority vote on the charge of treason against the state via guillotine. 1793 1794 A chain of counterrevolutionary insurrections at the Vendee. Many peasants were just as wary of the new French government than they had been of the King. In the Vendee there was less of a power difference between local nobles and peasants while the revolutionary government was implementing new taxes, attacking their religion, and trying to draft them into the military. June 2, 1793 The Montagnards (Jacobins) expelled the Girondins from the National Convention and seized control of the Convention. This removed any moderate opposition from the reins of government. Robespierre and the Jacobins were now unchecked to implement their radical agenda and much of this agenda included the violent removal of any who opposed (or who they thought opposed) the Revolution. Summer 1793-Summer 1794The Reign of Terror. Robespierre and the Jacobins were responsible for the terror. With foreign war and pro-royalist revolt among much of the population away from Paris there was a fear the French Republic would simply collapse under the strain. The Reign of Terror started as a way to remove enemies of the Republic, but it soon grew out of control and many in the National Convention turned against the Jacobins. July 27, 1794Thermidorian Reaction (July was renamed into Thermidor) was a revolt against the excesses of the Revolution. Moderate members of the National Convention expelled the radicals from the Convention. Maximilien Robespierre was arrested and executed. This was the final end to the Jacobins as a relevant political force. Final Stage August 1795Directory was created. The Directory was created to replace the National Assembly but it had the problem of being composed of many monarchists, despite being a republican institution. They tried to prevent royalist and Jacobin coups while bringing an end to the fighting in the Vendee. Their attempts to please everybody eventually alienated everybody. November 9, 1799Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the Directory. Napoleon was already a popular military figure for his many victories in Italy in the past few years (he managed to shift the blame for his less successful Egypt invasion). By this time the French Republic has gone through the terror plus years of instability and war. The French population now wanted a stable government and a strong figure like Napoleon appealed to this desire. Three most significant dates of the French Revolution: Storming of Bastille (July 14th, 1789) March on Versailles (October 5th, 1789) Reign of Terror (September 1793-July 1794) Robespierre and the Jacobins were responsible for the terror. With foreign war and pro-royalist revolt among much of the population away from Paris there was a fear the French Republic would simply collapse under the strain (Cole 485). The Reign of Terror started as a way to remove enemies of the Republic, but it soon grew out of control and many in the National Convention turned against the Jacobins. Thousands of people were killed due to this conflict between the Jacobins and Girondins. Afterwards, the leader of the Jacobins arose as the new head of the Revolution. Characteristics of History Before 1989: Before the French Revolution, French society looked very different. This society was known as the Old Regime. During the Old Regime, there were three Estates (classes) with the 1st, the clergy, and the second, the nobles, having all the power and privilege. Meanwhile, the 3rd Estate, the bourgeoisie, sans-culottes, and peasants, had to pay taxes to support the Clergy and Nobles, while having no power or privileges (Cole 479). Power flowed from above, and the vast majority of France, the third estate, had no say. Furthermore, France wasnt France as one would know it today. The Catholic Church was intimately linked with the monarchy. The clergy, was (like the nobility) exempt from taxation. Going even further, the Church had the power to tax from its parishioners; this was called a tithe, and it was widely unpopular with the third estate. Before the French Revolution, one was not loyal to their nation, they were loyal to their king. Characteristics of History After 1799: Just before the French Revolution, ideas from thinkers of the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment was a challenge to the traditional views of religion and monarchy. Free thinkers such as Locke, Voltaire, and Montesquieu, spread the idea that people should use reason, not faith when running a government. These notions, as well as Abbe Sieyes political pamphlet, What is the Third Estate, inspired the Third Estate to take a stand against the corrupt system of the Estates (Brophy 291). The ideas of the enlightenment made the Third Estate realize that a person was loyal not to a leader, but to a nation, and it removed the idea that some people in French society were above others. Thus, they removed themselves from the Estates General to become the National Assembly. This changed the structure of power, instead of flowing from the top, it started at the bottom. The French Revolution removed the aristocracy and removed the idea that nobles should have privileges the everybody else did not. The people had the power and the French Revolution started that idea This also removed the role of the Catholic church from its place of power. There was a saying France is the eldest daughter of the Church. The King had absolute power, but he was seen as getting that power from God. The Church also owned a lot of land, and they were seen less as a holy organization and more as a large group that lorded over and stole form the people. When the French Revolution changed society, the clergy and the church in general were hated along with the aristocracy. Where the old monarchy was tied to the Church the new France rejected the Catholic church, they said religion should have no place in public affairs. This was made evident when the National Assembly confiscated the land of the church in November 1789. This gave rise to the concept of secularity, where even religious holidays were criticized. Right after the French Revolution, there was a serious effort to remove Sundays because Sunday is the Catholic day of rest. France went from being one of the closes t nations to the Catholic Church to trying to get rid of Sundays.

Women’s Voice in Literature - 2562 Words

Women’s Voice in Literature In the late 1800s and early 1900s, women’s roles evolved from mere housewives to passionate activists who were fighting for rights to their share of the American dream. The main goal of the women participating in the fight was the right vote. In an effort to rally more to their cause, women used not only organized protests but employed literature to speak out. Written during this time period, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† and â€Å"Trifles† are works that portray women as passive timid beings that should listen to their counterparts. These two pieces were composed to expose the outrageous manner in which women were regarded. On the other hand, â€Å"Canceled† is a contemporary piece which depicts the female character as a†¦show more content†¦The lack of self expression causes a woman to become dominated by the male figure in her life as she cannot think for herself. In the story, â€Å"Canceled,† Adie loses her identity when her boyfriend, Samuel, tries to force her to go through with the pregnancy. Expressing her thoughts, Adie states, â€Å"It’s just that I don’t want this †¦ I want to be me, just me† (Treglia). She felt that this foreign being in her is causing her to lose her sense of individuality. As a teenager, Adie has yet to explore her independence and develop an identity for herself. By having a child, she would never have the opportunity to create an identity. Through the forceful will of a man, history has shown that women have many obstacles in their efforts to establish an identity of their own. The contrast between the earlier written pieces and the modern piece is the social acceptance of the idea a woman can create her own identity. The protagonist in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† does not agree with her husband’s verdict of a work-free lifestyle. She rebels passively by writing in private when her husband is away. 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Statistical Statistics Descriptive Statistics - 1603 Words

Assignment One Question One Statistics used to describe, or descriptive statistics, are single numbers that describe a sample of data (Kiess Green, 2010, p. 7). Descriptive statistics merely describe what the data consists of (Trochim, 2006). Several frequently used descriptive statistics are the mean, median, and mode (Kiess Green, 2010, p. 7). Descriptive statistics are used when it is necessary to relay large amounts of quantitative data in a simple, understandable way (Trochim, 2006). However, in some cases the use of descriptive statistics may simplify the data too much, leaving out important information (Trochim, 2006). Inferential statistics are statistics used to infer the value of the population from the values of a sample†¦show more content†¦12). Independent variable and subject variables are similar in the fact that both types of variables can impact the results of a test. 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Application to Ethical Dilemmas

Question: Discuss about the Application to Ethical Dilemmas. Answer: Introduction APES (Accounting Professional and Ethical Standards) requires all the members in Australia to comply with its provisions when providing professional services. The provisions of the Standards apply to this case as follows. Competence (professional competence and due care) According to APES 110, an accountant or auditor must always ensure that he/she has professional competence and maintain such knowledge and competence at a level that enables him/her to avail professional services to his clients while taking into consideration all the recent development in the practice and other changes in the law. As such, Li must first consider whether she has all the relevant skills to complete all the tasks allocated to her by Joe competently. If she is not competent, enough she should not take the task. Given the fact that Li handles taxation and superannuation affairs, drawing a business plan and legal agreements required in franchising might be beyond her skills and competence, and thus she would be unable to offer quality services to her client. Objectivity It requires a professional to be focused on the issue at hand and not to allow a conflict of interest and bias to prevail over professional judgment. Undoubtedly, Li being Joes old friend means a lot of conflict of interest which would undeniably affect the result of her task adversely. Integrity In professional conduct, integrity requires one to be not only straightforward but also honest in all the professional relationship (Hines, 1988, p.258). As such, by turning a blind eye to the drawings Joe has been making from the business, Li would be negating this code of conduct and acting in betrayal of her profession. Ethical behavior Closely tied to the public interest is ethical behavior. Solomons (1978, p.45) argues that by subscribing to ethical behavior, an accounting professional gains the ability to prevent fraudulent activity and restore/gain public trust. By adhering to all the professional standards and codes of ethics, an accountant acquires a compass to propel him toward ethical behavior which includes but not limited to integrity and honesty (APESB, 2006). By doing so, Li would object to Joes appointment owing to the conflict of interest that arises from the appointment. She would further freeze of Joes pleas to turn a blind eye to unethical behavior. Superseding the previous account Previous accounts assists an accountant in establishing the business trend and detect any material misstatement in the financial statements. It is for this reason that Li reviewed Joes previous years tax returns, otherwise she would not have noticed the drawings Joe made. However, any material misstatements in the previous years do not affect the current year income. The engagement letter An engagement letter refers to a document that defines the engagement that exists between a professional firm and its clients (Richardson, 1988, p.385). According to Merly and Pedersen (2009, p.35), the letter details the scope and the nature of duties the professional firm will offer to the client to make sure that the client does not task any agent from the professional firm with astray tasks. Li must, therefore, check the scope of her activity as detailed in the engagement or contract letter to make sure that shes not being tasked beyond the provisions of the engagement letter. Drawing a business plan and legal agreements required in franchising might be beyond the scope of Lis engagement letter. Technical and professional standards Though not limited to integrity, objectivity, and competence, the three standards serve as the pillar for technical and professional standards. Li should observe the three pillars to avoid discrediting her profession. Legal work In general application, legal work refers to technical tasks handled by lawyers relating to the provisions of the law and other Acts. Preparing legal requirements required for licensing and franchising constitutes legal work. Given the condition that a professional must maintain his/her skills and experience at a level that would ensure a client of competent services, it is undeniable that Li would incompetently provide legal services to Joe owing to the fact that she (Li) is a professional accountant. Understanding income in the current year According to the accounting standards, all the cash inflows constitute business incomes for the current financial year provided that such incomes do not constitute prepayments and accruals (Kaidonis, 2008, p.5). Income tax returns (Prior years) All the income should be included in the calculation of net income to be subjected to taxation. Therefore, Joes drawings should have been included in the calculation of the previous years tax returns. Client evaluation and quality control Before commencement of any audit work, a professional accountant should evaluate the client and the quality control systems in the firm to establish the extent of ethical threats so as to apply the necessary safeguards. As such, Li should evaluate her client carefully while appealing to all professional standards to avoid bias in her evaluation. Public interest According to Birts (2014, p. 55), accounting professionals owes a considerable amount of responsibility to the public. They must at all time act in protection of public interest by revealing the facts given the fact that the public relies on such facts to make major decisions. Therefore, Li must act in protection of public interest by subscribing to honesty, integrity, and truthfulness by revealing all the material facts that would affect any decision. She must, therefore, not yield to Joes plea to turn a blind eye to his drawing and other taxes. In conclusion, several ethical dilemmas and ethical threats such as conflict of interest exist in the case. However, the provisions of various accounting standards coupled with the provisions of the code of ethics such as APES 110 would enable Li to wither these ethical dilemmas. She may opt not to take the job due to conflict of interest, take the job and disclose all the relevant facts such as Joes drawing, and object to providing services beyond her competence and experience. References Accounting Professional and Ethical Standards Board, (2006). APES 110 Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants, Accounting Professional and Ethical Standards Board, [Online] 21st June 2016. Available at https://www.cpaaustralia.com.au/cps/rde/xchg/SID-3F57FEDFF6A3388C/ cpa/hs.xsl/588_19858_ENA_HTML.htm Birts, J., 2014. Accounting: business reporting for decision making, 5th ed, John Wiley and Sons Australia, Milton, Qld, pp. 40-75. Hines, R.D., 1988. "Financial Accounting: In Communicating Reality, We Construct Reality", Accounting, Organisations and Society, 13 (3), pp. 251-261. Hoggett, J., Medlin, J., Edwards, L., and Tilling, M.E., 2012. Financial Accounting. John Wiley Sons. Jeffrey, C.A., 2015. Research on Professional Responsibility and ethics in Accounting, Volume Emerald Group Publishing, Kaidonis, M.K., 2008. The Accounting Profession: Serving the Public Interest or Capital Interests Australian Accounting Business Finance Journal, 2 (4), P. 3-7 Merly, S., and Pedersen, J., 2009. Accounting for Business: An Introduction. Pearson Higher Education, AU, 110 Ratnutunga, J. eds (1995) Accounting Theory; a contemporary review, Harcourt Brace, pp 225-235. Richardson, A.J., 1988. Accounting knowledge and professional privilege, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 13, (4), pp 381-396. Solomons, D., R., 1978. The Politicisation of Accounting, in Jones, S., Romano C., and Ratnutunga, J. eds (1995) Accounting Theory; a contemporary review, Harcourt Brace, pp 225-235.